Inspired by the one-hundredth anniversary of the seminal works of Stern and Gerlach, our contribution is a proposal of how to use their famous experiment in a more contemporary perspective. Our main idea is to re-cast the experiment in the modern language of prepare-and-measure scenarios. By doing so, it is possible to connect geometric and algebraic aspects of the space of states with the physical space. We also discuss possible simulations of the SG experiment as well as some experimental properties of the experiment revealed at the statistical level. Merging a more modern perspective with a paradigmatic experiment, we hope this paper can serve as an entry door for quantum information theory and the. onehundredth one hundredth Gerlach recast re cast prepareandmeasure prepare measure scenarios so level

Abstract Rotary drums can show different granular flow regimes each one with its own specific flow behavior, which increase the complexity in their study. The way particles move inside the rotary drum is directly related to the mass and energy transfer rates, and consequently to the process performance. Thus, an experimental investigation regarding the transition between different flow regimes inside a rotary drum was carried out in the present work. To the best of our knowledge, the hysteresis phenomenon was observed for the first time in the transition between cataracting-centrifuging regimes, which was shown to be dependent on the physical properties of the particles such as sphericity, density and particle-wall friction coefficient. A new expression for the centrifuging critical rotation speed was proposed in this work.

El paradigma de las redes inteligentes promueve aplicaciones de monitorización avanzada de carga para apoyar la gestión de la demanda y los ahorros energéticos. La monitorización no intrusiva de carga ha generado un creciente interés para estimar la operación y el consumo individual de potencia de los aparatos residenciales, a partir de mediciones eléctricas en un solo punto. Este enfoque aprovecha las ventajas del procesamiento de señales para reducir los esfuerzos de hardware asociados a los sistemas con múltiples sensores dedicados. Algunas características distintivas de los aparatos, llamadas firmas de carga, pueden ser extraídas de señales en estado transitorio o estable. En este artículo se investiga el efecto de algunos factores que pueden afectar las firmas estacionarias de carga bajo condiciones reales: distorsión en la tensión de suministro, impedancia de la red y frecuencia de muestreo del equipo de medida. Para tal fin, se adquirieron y procesaron mediciones eléctricas de diferentes aparatos residenciales para obtener algunos índices en el dominio del tiempo. Los resultados incluyen comparaciones entre distintos escenarios y evaluación de la idoneidad y la capacidad de discriminación de la información del estado estable.

Smart Grid paradigm promotes advanced load monitoring applications to support demand side management and energy savings. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring to estimate the individual operation and power consumption of the residential appliances, from single point electrical measurements. This approach takes advantage of signal processing in order to reduce the hardware effort associated to systems with multiple dedicated sensors. Discriminative characteristics of the appliances, namely load signatures, could be extracted from the transient or steady state electrical signals. In this paper the effect of impact factors that can affect the steady state load signatures under realistic conditions are investigated: the voltage supply distortion, the network impedance and the sampling frequency of the metering equipment. For this purpose, electrical measurements of several residential appliances were acquired and processed to obtain some indices in the time domain. Results include the comparison of distinct scenarios, and the evaluation of the suitability and discrimination capacity of the steady state information.

En este artículo se presenta un análisis y una discusión sobre el comportamiento de un modelo circuital para lámparas fluorescentes compactas (CFL) en una red eléctrica de 120V 60 Hz. Este modelo es propuesto y validado en trabajos previos para lámparas fluorescentes compactas en sistemas de 230V 50 Hz. Sin embargo, la derivación de este modelo no es fácil de seguir y su desempeño en una red de 120V 60 Hz es materia de investigación. En este trabajo, la derivación analítica de este modelo de CFL se presenta en detalle y se discute su desempeño en la predicción de la corriente consumida por una CFL en un sistema eléctrico de 120V 60 Hz. El modelo derivado es implementado tanto en MATLAB® como en ATP-EMTP®, utilizando dos diferentes conjuntos de parámetros previamente propuestos para lámparas fluorescentes compactas en 230V 50 Hz. Estos resultados de simulación se comparan con mediciones de laboratorio obtenidas utilizando una fuente de tensión alterna programable. Las mediciones y simulaciones consideran siete lámparas fluorescentes compactas 110/127V 60 Hz con diferentes potencias alimentadas por una fuente de tensión sinusoidal (no distorsionada). Las simulaciones bajo estas condiciones no predicen adecuadamente las mediciones realizadas y por lo tanto el conjunto de parámetros y/o el modelo necesitan ser ajustados para redes eléctricas de 120V 60 Hz.

This article presents an analysis and discussion on the performance of a circuit-based model for Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) in a 120V 60 Hz power grid. This model is proposed and validated in previous scientific literature for CFLs in 230V 50 Hz systems. Nevertheless, the derivation of this model is not straightforward to follow and its performance in 120V 60 Hz systems is a matter of research work. In this paper, the analytical derivation of this CFL model is presented in detail and its performance is discussed when predicting the current of a CFL designed to operate in a 120V 60 Hz electrical system. The derived model is separately implemented in both MATLAB® and ATP-EMTP® software using two different sets of parameters previously proposed for 230V 50 Hz CFLs. These simulation results are compared against laboratory measurements using a programmable AC voltage source. The measurements and simulations considered seven CFLs 110/127V 60 Hz with different power ratings supplied by a sinusoidal (not distorted) voltage source. The simulations under these conditions do not properly predict the current measurements and therefore the set of parameters and/or the model itself need to be adjusted for 120V 60 Hz power grids.

El siguiente artículo presenta los resultados obtenidos durante experiencias donde se usa el método de análisis de la respuesta en frecuencia mediante impulso (IFRA) con un transformador en servicio. El método IFRA ha sido implementado para transformar la señal transitoria al dominio de la frecuencia usando la Transformada de Fourier (DFT). Sin embargo, puede considerarse que la DFT no es la herramienta más idónea para este tipo de análisis, ya que desde su definición esta herramienta es útil para el procesamiento de señales estacionarias y no para el análisis de la respuesta en frecuencia mediante impulso. Teniendo en cuenta esta consideración, el análisis de las señales puede ser hipotéticamente mejorado usando la Transformada Wavelet continua (CWT) dada su resolución variable en tiempo-frecuencia. El análisis de las señales transitorias en el dominio wavelet ha mejorado la repetitividad de las curvas de respuesta en frecuencia, como ha sido observado en los resultados experimentales. El método IFRA on-line propuesto, basado en la Transformada wavelet, fue validado bajo condiciones de carga y no carga en un transformador trifásico de distribución de 150 kVA, 13200/225 Volts, en el campus de la Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.

The following article presents the results obtained in experiences that use the Impulse Frequency Response Analysis (IFRA) method with a transformer in service. The IFRA method has been implemented in order to transform the transient signals to the frequency domain using Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). However, it can be considered that the DFT is not the most suitable tool for this type of analysis, since, by definition, this tool is useful for processing stationary signals. Taking that into consideration, the analysis of transient signals could be hypothetically improved by using continuous wavelet transform (CWT), given their variable time/frequency resolution. The analysis of transient signals in Wavelet domain has improved the repeatability of the frequency response curves, as it has been observed in experimental results. The proposed on-line IFRA method, based on Wavelet transform, was validated under load and no-load conditions on a 150 kVA three-phase transformer 13200/225 Volts, in the Campus of the Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.

Cystinuria is a genetic disease which clinical expression is the formation of stones in the urinary tract. Even though this kind of lithiasis is rare, it is characterized by a high recurrence rate. In this work, we present the case of a 24-year-old female patient with cystine lithiasis in whom the diagnosis was made by detection of cystine crystals in urine samples and the presence of cystine as the only component of kidney stones spontaneously passed in two episodes and removed by percutaneous nephrolithotomy once in a period of six months. The treatment measures established were increase of the fluid intake, restricted protein and sodium diet and administration of alkaline agents to increase urinary pH. We also show the availability and use at national level of specialized laboratory techniques for the diagnosis and follow-up of cystinuric patients.

La cistinuria es una enfermedad genética cuya expresión clínica es la formación de cálculos en las vías urinarias. Si bien este tipo de litiasis es poco frecuente se caracteriza por un elevado número de recidivas. En este trabajo, presentamos el caso de una paciente de 24 años con litiasis por cistina, en la que el diagnóstico se logró mediante el hallazgo de cristales de cistina en muestras de orina y la presencia de cistina como único componente de los cálculos expulsados espontáneamente en dos ocasiones y removidos por nefrolitotomía percutánea en una ocasión en un lapso de 6 meses. El tratamiento instaurado consistió en aumento de la ingesta de líquido, dieta con restricción de sodio y proteínas y administración de agentes alcalinizantes para aumentar el pH de la orina. Así mismo queremos mostrar la disponibilidad y el uso a nivel nacional de técnicas laboratoriales especializadas para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de pacientes con cistinuria.

Este trabajo se orientó en cómo las propiedades eléctricas del hueso influyen en el modelado óseo y se explicó cómo el proceso de mecano-regulación y la estimulación eléctrica contribuyeron con el crecimiento, curación y reparación del tejido óseo. En este estudio se usó el Método de Elementos de Contorno (MEC) para materiales piezoeléctricos y se modificaron las ecuaciones para incluir la densidad del hueso, simulando dos ejemplos numéricos: una diáfisis con una fractura y un ostión en progresión. Se analizó cómo se originan cargas eléctricas debido a la influencia mecánica y cómo el proceso de absorción ósea se generó en zonas con cargas positivas, mientras que con cargas negativas fueron asociadas con la formación de hueso. Se pudo concluir que la ausencia de cargas mecánicas hizo que no existan potenciales eléctricos y, a su vez, si el proceso de modelado no se llevó a cabo, el hueso perdió su capacidad de recuperación y su densidad.

In the present work we show the electric properties of bone and how those affect process of bone modeling, explain how the process of mechano-regulation and electric stimulation improve growing, healing and repairing of bone tissues. In this study, we employ the Boundary Element Method (BEM) for piezoelectric materials considering the bone density into the BEM equations. We simulated two examples, a diaphysis with a bone fracture and an osteon in progression. We analyzed what is the origin of the electric potential due the effect of the mechanical load and why the reabsorption process occurs in zones with positive charge while the negative charge is associated to bone formation. We concluded that the absence of mechanical load have impact in the absence of electric potential and, at the same time, the bone modeling process does not occur, leading to a loss in the bone density and its capacity of recuperation.

The change of the rules governing the design and construction of buildings can involve the creation of housing with better sound insulation but at a higher cost, so it is recommended to evaluate the benefits of the actions undertaken to determine whether prevention or risk reduction results in improvements to welfare. This research compares the cost overrun that represents the acoustic isolation following the criteria of the CTE with the willingness to pay for the improvement. For this purpose are a parametric cost analysis and a contingent valuation respectively. The results suggest that the scenario used enables respondents to express their willingness to pay and that profits may exceed the costs of implementing more efficient sound insulation systems.

La modificación de la normativa que rige el diseño y construcción de las edificaciones puede implicar la creación de viviendas con mejor aislamiento acústico pero a un mayor coste, por lo que es recomendable evaluar los beneficios de las acciones emprendidas para determinar si la prevención o reducción de riesgos resulta en mejoras del bienestar, y por tanto en una mayor disposición a pagar por dichas mejoras. En esta investigación se compara el sobrecoste que representa el aislamiento acústico siguiendo los criterios del Código Técnico de la Edificación (CTE) con la disposición a pagar por dicha mejora. A tales efectos se realiza un análisis de costes y una valoración contingente, respectivamente. Los resultados sugieren que el escenario utilizado facilita que los encuestados expresen su disposición a pagar y que los beneficios pudieran superar los costes de implementación de sistemas de aislamiento acústico más eficientes.

Neste artigo são descritas as técnicas antigas que permitiram conservar e preservar madeiras durante séculos e dá-se um panorama global sobre os novos conceitos de proteção e acabamento de madeiras. Mostram-se, com exemplos práticos, o comportamento a longo prazo de diferentes tipos de acabamentos, destacando as grandes diferenças do conceito entre vernizes com formação de película rígida, em comparação com os resultados de óleos secativos com pigmentos naturais. Dá-se, no final, uma perspetiva dos desenvolvimentos altamente promissores para o futuro próximo, como são as proteções com pigmentos baseados na nano tecnologia e nos produtos à base de silanos e siloxanos, impregnados nas camadas superficiais, que potenciam uma propriedade altamente benéfica que é a repelência à água.

In this article are described the ancient techniques that allowed conservation and preservation of wood for centuries, and an overall view of the new concepts of protection and finishing of wood is presented. The long-term behavior of different types of finishes is shown with practical examples, emphasizing the great differences between the concept of varnish rigid forming film in comparison with the results of drying oils with natural pigments. Finally, it is given a perspective of highly promising developments for the next future, such as protections of pigment-based on nano technology, or products based on siloxanes and silanes impregnated in the surface layers, which enhance water repellency, a property highly beneficial to long term behavior of the finishing.

Spouted beds, originally invented in Canada by Mathur and Gishler (1955) as an alternative to fluidized beds for handling coarse particles, are now widely studied in a variety of physical operations, such as drying, coating and granulation. In this work the particle velocity, minimum spouting flow rate and characteristic fluid-dynamic curves of the spouted bed were obtained using a Eulerian granular multiphase model. The computational work was significantly reduced for axisymmetric gas-solid flows. The experimental data obtained in two spouted bed configurations, conical-cylindrical and two-dimensional, were compared with the simulated results, showing good agreement

Biocompatible polymers and copolymers are frequently being used as part of controlled delivery systems. These systems can be prepared using a "clean and environment friendly" technology like supercritical fluids. One great advantage of this process is that compressed carbon dioxide has excellent plasticizing properties and can swell most biocompatible polymeric matrixes, thus promoting drug impregnation processes. Mass sorption of two acrylate biocompatible copolymers contact with supercritical carbon dioxide is reported. Equilibrium solubility of dense carbon dioxide in poly(methylmethacrylate-co-ethylhexylacrylate) and poly(methylmethacrylate-co-ethylhexylacrylate-co-ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate) was studied by a static method at 10.0 MPa and 313 K. The reticulated copolymer had Fickean behavior and its diffusion coefficient was calculated, under operating conditions.

We report observation of the Hall slope change in wide Al cGa1-cAs parabolic wells in the presence of a quasi-parallel magnetic field. Above the critical magnetic field B > 4T, the Hall resistance becomes temperature dependent and can be described by equation Rxy/costheta ~ (B-B0)/en s, where n s is the electron density, B0=2-2.6 T and theta is the angle between magnetic field and the normal to the well plane. The effect strongly depends on the electron density; it is observed only in parabolic wells, which are almost completely filled by electrons. We attribute the Hall slope change to the unusual behaviour of the effective g factor in such parabolic well, which depends on the Al composition and changes the sign along the well width.

We compare the transport properties for triangular, parabolic and cubic quantum wells. We calculate the transport mobility for electrons belonging to the different subbands. We obtain the energy spacing between first and second subbands from the electron sheet density and compare results for different potential profiles. We find that experimental results are in quantitative agreements with our calculations.

The spouted bed has been used in drying, granulation, catalytic polymerization, residue treatment and coating of several materials. Its success is attributed to its solids circulation characteristics and excellent gas-particle contact. In this work the pattern of solids and gas flows in a spouted bed was numerically simulated using a Eulerian multiphase model. The computational work was significantly reduced for axisymmetric gas-solids flows. The simulated velocity and voidage profiles were compared with results obtained in our laboratory (with a two-dimensional spouted bed using soybean seed) and by He et al. (1994) (with a cylindrical spouted bed and glass sphere). The simulated results showed good agreement with the experimental data for both geometries studied.

In previous work, it was observed that the covering of soybean seeds with bacteria and micronutrients enhances vigorous growth of the plant thereby avoiding use of ammoniacal fertilizers. In the spouted bed covering can be done by pulverization of the coater slurry on the soybean seeds using a pneumatic atomizer. The optimum thickness of the cover allows the fundamental gaseous interchanges for germination and provides the ideal conditions for bacterium activity. The objective of this work was to study the influence of the process variables on thickness of the cover. A simulation of the mass distribution of seeds was obtained using a population balance model. Through the results obtained the operational conditions under which the coating layer distribution were determined has the greatest uniformity.